Intervention	Duration	Study Design	Comparison	Subjects	Outcome Measure	Major Results	Notes or Limitations	Author
Shivitrahara lepa (Group II)	6 months	RCT	-Shivitrahara lepa and oral Shvitrahara Kashaya (Group I) -PUVA (Group III)	n = 25 (Group I) n = 15 (Group II) n = 10 (Group III)	-VSA Reduction -Lesion Number	-Group II experienced a mean reduction in VSA of 0.41 ± 0.28 cm2 (p < 0.001) -Group II experienced a mean reduction in lesion number of 3.27 ± 0.96 (p < 0001) -Mean reduction in VSA and in lesion number in Group I/III were significantly greater than II -8/10 Group III subjects developed adverse reactions	-Frequency of topical application not specified	Dhanik et al (2011)
Gel containing Cucumis melo, SOD, catalase with NB-UVB	6 months	Comparative study	NB-UVB monotherapy	n = 15 in each treatment group	-VSA Reduction	-No significant difference in VSA reduction between each group	-Frequency of NB-UVB not specified	Yuksel et al (2009)
Gel containing Cucumis melo, SOD, catalase and sun exposure	Twice daily for 6 months	RCT, R/L controlled	Placebo gel	n = 23	-VSA Reduction -Perifollicular pigmentation	-No significant changes in lesion area and perifollicular pigmentation in both groups		Naini et al (2012)
Formulation containing Cucumis melo extract, acetylcysteine, phenylalanine (Group A)	All topicals administered twice daily for 12 weeks	Open-label study	-Once Weekly UVB (Group B) -Topical gel and once weekly UVB (Group C) -Clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment (Group D)	n = 149	% Repigmentation	- >75% repigmentation: 38.4% Group A, 61.1% Group B, 73.5% Group C, 56.2% Group D -Less than 10% of subjects in each group depicted <25% repigmentation		Buggiani et al (2012)
Tetrahydrocurcuminoid cream and NB-UVB (Group A)	-Twice daily for 12 weeks; NB-UVB twice weekly	RCT, preliminary	NB-UVB monotherapy (Group B)	n = 10	% Repigmentation, converted into scores	-Both treatment groups depicted significantly improved repigmentation -Significant inverse association between repigmentation and duration of disease in both groups -From week 8 onwards, repigmentation scores in Group A were better than Group B (p = 0.078)		Asawanonda and Klahan (2010)
Vitilinex (herbal bio-actives) (Group A)	12-weeks	RCT	-Vitilinex with UVB combination treatment (Group B) -NB-UVB phototherapy alone (Group C)	n = 62 randomized equally to each treatment group	% Repigmentation	- >75% repigmentation: 39% Group A, 69.5% Group B, 37.5% Group C -50-75% repigmentation: 26% Group A, 17.5% Group B, 25% Group C - 5-50% repigmentation: 22% Group A, 8.7% Group B, 18.75% Group C - <25% repigmentation: 13% Group A, 4.3% Group B, 18.75% Group C - >50% repigmentation: 65% Group A, 87% Group B, 62.5% Group C	-Frequency of topical application not specified	Van et al (2019)
Nigella sativa seed oil	Twice daily for 6 months	Open-label study		n = 33	% Repigmentation	-10/23 (43.5%) with facial involvement achieved repigmentation ≥ 50%; significant pre- and post-treatment difference in these 10 (p = 0.001) -7/16 (43.8%) with hand involvement achieved repigmentation ≥ 50%; significant pre- and post-treatment difference in these 7 (p = 0.005) -7/8 with genital involvement achieved repigmentation ≥ 50%; significant pre- and post-treatment difference in these 7 (p = 0.004)		Sarac et al (2019)
Calcipotriol 50 µg/g	-Twice daily topical monotherapy -Combination treatment included PUVA 3x weekly - 3-9 months therapy, mean = 6 months	Open study	Combination with oral or topical PUVA	n = 22 (topical monotherapy) n = 4 (combination)	VSA Reduction	-3/4 (75%) of combination therapy showed good response -5/22 (23%) of monotherapy showed >90% improvement -7/22 (32%) showed 50-90% improvement -5/22 (23%) showed 30-50% improvement -5/22 (23%) showed <30% improvement	-Duration of therapy was not controlled -Only four subjects received combination	Ameen et al (2001)
Calcipotriol	-Daily topical application -3-6 months, mean = 3.9 months	Prospective, R/L comparative, open study	Untreated control lesion	n = 24	% Repigmentation	-No significant difference between treated and control -21/24 (87.5%) had no repigmentation -3/24 (12.5%) had partial repigmentation Of improved: -1/3 had repigmentation on the treated lesion and no repigmentation on the untreated control -2/3 had repigmentation (20% and 30%) on treated but spontaneous repigmentation of (20% and 10%) of untreated control	-% Calcipotriol not specified -Duration of therapy was not controlled	Chiavérini et al (2002)
Calcipotriol 50 µg/g (Cal)	Twice daily for 4 months	Open, comparative clinical trial	Clobetasol 0.05% (Clo)	n = 22 Cal n = 20 Clo	% Repigmentation	-Significantly greater repigmentation with Clobetasol than Calcipotriol -0-25%: 10/22 Cal, 3/20 Clo -25-50%: 8/22 Cal, 4/20 Clo -50-75%: 4/22 Cal, 5/20 Clo -75-100% 0/22 Cal, 4/20 Clo -100% 0/22 Cal, 4/20 Clo -4/22 Cal: transient irritation and erythema -7/20 Clo: transient erythema, acneiform papules, telangiectasia of skin		Köse et al (2002)
Calcipotriol	3 months, frequency not specified	Open, comparative clinical trial	-Topical betamethasone -Topical PUVA -NB-UVB	n = 34	Repigmentation	-Calcipotriol repigmentation in 1/10 cases (10%) -Betamethasone repigmentation in 3/11 cases (27%) -No repigmentation in topical PUVA (0%) -NB-UVB repigmentation in 7/13 cases (53%)	-Abstract	Uksal et al (2002)
Calcipotriol 50 µg/g cream or ointment	Twice daily for 6 months	Prospective, observation study		n = 14, aged 3-12 -9/14 received cream -5/14 received ointment	VSA Reduction	-10/14 showed improvement -4/14 showed no response -Better results with ointment than cream Among responders: -3 showed complete resolution -4 showed 50-80% improvement -3 showed 30-50% improvement		Gargoom et al (2004)
Calcipotriol 0.005% (Group II)	-Twice-daily for 3 months -Group III: betamethasone in the morning, calcipotriene in the evening	RCT	-Betamethasone 0.05% (Group I) -Combination Therapy (Group III)	n = 15 in each treatment group	% Repigmentation	-No patients achieved >75% -50-75%: 2/15 GI, 1/15 GII, 4/15 GIII -25-50%: 7/15 GI, 5/15 GII, 7/15 GIII -Combined therapy had significantly faster repigmentation onset, better stability, less side effects -Side effects (atrophy, lesional burning) were more common in Group I than II/III (p < 0.05)		Kumaran et al (2006)
Calcipotriol	-Twice-daily for 6 months -Combination treatment included PUVA 3x weekly	RCT	Combination with PUVA	n = 30 in each treatment group	% Repigmentation	Group I: 1/6 (16.7%) responded, all with <50% repigmentation Group II: all patients responded. 70% showed >75% repigmentation	% Calcipotriol not specified	Shehzad et al (2007)
Calcipotriol 0.005% (R side)	5 months	Case report, R/L comparative	Pimecrolimus cream 1% (L side)	n = 1	Clinical improvement of vitiliginous lesions	-Significant improvement with the two agents, especially pimecrolimus -Pimecrolimus was more effective -Re-pigmentation started second month	-Measurements of surface area reduction not included -Frequency of topical application not specified	Bilaç et al (2009)
Calcipotriene 0.005% (Group C)	-Twice-daily for 5 months -Group A: betamethasone in the morning, calcipotriene in the evening	RCT	-Betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% (Group A) -Combination Therapy (Group B)	n = 20 in each treatment group	VSA Reduction	-Final follow-up depicted 80%, 75%, 65% vitiliginous lesion reduction in groups A, B, C, respectively -Significant difference in lesion reduction among the groups, ANOVA (p < 0.05)		Alam et al (2014)
Calcipotriol 0.005% (Group A)	Twice daily for 3 months treatment duration, final follow-up at 4 months	RCT	-Betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% (Group B) -Combination Therapy (Group C)	n = 53 in each treatment group	VASI	-Mean change of VASI: 38.77% Group C, 26.23% Group B, 18.30% Group A -Mean change in VASI was statistically greater in group C (p = 0.008) -Side effects included erythema, burning, atrophy, acneiform eruption, with no significant differences between groups		Zahoor et al (2017)
Tacalcitol 0.0002%	Once daily for 1 month	Case report	Tacalcitol 0.0002% and 30 minutes of sunlight exposure	n = 1	Clinical improvement of vitiliginous lesions	The region treated with combination therapy healed completely, while the region treated with ointment alone did not improve		Amano et al (2008)
Tacalcitol 20 µg/g	Once daily for 9 months	Case report		n = 1	Clinical observation of repigmentation	Promoted moderate repigmentation of patient’s vitiligo lesions but also hyperpigmentation of freckles	-Measurement of degree of repigmentation not included	Oiso and Kawada (2012)
Topical psoralen and UVA	4 months	Open-label study	UVB radiation	n = 281	% Repigmentation	-46% treated with topical PUVA showed repigmentation after 4 months -52% in the UVB group showed repigmentation after 4 months -In the second group -Fewer side effects with UVB compared to topical PUVA	-Frequency of treatment not specified	Westerhof and Nieuweboer-Krobotova (1997)
Ointment containing Psoralea corylifolia seed powder	Once daily for 12 weeks	Open-label, self-controlled study	No treatment, control	n = 20	VSA Reduction, documented with 20-megapixel camera	-Pre- and post-treatment pigmentation differences were statistically significant for small, circular vitiligous lesions (p ≤ 0.05)		Hussain et al (2016)
Psoralea corylifolia and sunlight	Once daily for 6 months	Open, randomized pilot trial	-Indicated homeopathic treatment -Combination treatment	n = 20 in each treatment group	-VASI -VitilQoL -DLQI	-Intra-group changes were significant in all 3 outcomes (p < 0.001) -All treatment regimens were equally effective and safe -Significant differences in groups for VitiQoL total scores, favoring Psoralea corylifolia and combination treatment	-5 patients dropped out	Mir et al (2022)
Khellin gel (water, 2-propanol, propylene glycol, khellin)	Applied 30 minutes before UVA exposure for 6 months	Open-label, self-controlled study	Water, 2-propanol, propylene glycol)	n = 36	% Repigmentation	-Repigmentation >10% occurred in 86.1% of khellin-treated sides, in contrast to 66.6% in placebo-treated sides (p < 0.01) -Better results in younger patients with shorter disease duration	-Frequency of UVA exposure not specified	Orecchia et al (1998)
Topical khellin with UVA (KUVA)	3-5 weekly treatments	Pilot study	Systemic PUVA	n = 33	% Repigmentation	-Local KUVA required longer duration and higher UVA doses -Better KUVA results with younger patients -No adverse effects with KUVA -PUVA adverse effects included erythema, itching, GI disturbances	-Treatment duration not consistent -Some subjects had to interrupt therapy course for some time (1-3 months)	Valkova et al (2004)
Khellin 4% with monochromatic excimer light 308 nm and vitamin E (Group II)	Once weekly phototherapy for 12 weeks	Open-label, controlled study	-Weekly light therapy and oral vitamin E (Group I) -Oral vitamin E (Group III)	n = 16 in each treatment group	% Repigmentation	-Excellent repigmentation: 25% Group I, 56.25% Group II, 0% Group III		Saraceno et al (2009)
Khellin with monochromatic excimer light 308 nm	Two treatments weekly for 1 year	Open-label		n = 20	% Repigmentation	- >75% repigmentation in 9/20 -50-75% repigmentation in 5/20 -25-50% repigmentation in 3/20 - <20% repigmentation in 3/20 -No recurrences observed 6 months after treatment	-Subjects with resistant vitiligo	Fenniche et al (2018)
Antioxidant and mitochondrial stimulating formula (Group 5)	5 months	RCT	-Oral antioxidants, phenylalanine, and topical formulation (Group 1) -Oral antioxidants, phenylalanine, placebo cream (Group 2) -Oral antioxidants and phenylalanine (Group 3) --Placebo cream (Group 4)	n = 100	Clinical and histological response	-Best results depicted by Group 1 (p < 0.001) -Clinical and histological responses of Groups 1 and 5 were significantly greater than any other group	-Frequency of topical application not specified	Rojas-Urdaneta and Poleo-Romero (2007)
NB-UVB-activated Pseudocatalase PC-KUS	Twice daily for 8-12 months	Retrospective study	NB-UVB monotherapy	n = 71 (Psuedocatalase) n = 10 (NB-UVB monotherapy)	% Repigmentation	-Cessation achieved in 70/71 (99%) patients receiving pseudocatalase; the remaining patient showed partial progression of the disease on the hands -Cessation achieved in 3/10 (30%) patients receiving NB-UVB monotherapy	-Duration of therapy was not controlled	Schallreuter et al (2008)
Antioxidant hydrogel with 308 nm excimer laser	Twice daily except for laser therapy days with two laser sessions weekly; cream application began 15 days before starting laser treatment	Pilot study, self-controlled, single-blinded	Vehicle placebo	n = 10	Repigmentation scores -0: no repigmentation -1: Up to 25% repigmentation -2: 26-50% repigmentation -3: 51-75% repigmentation -4: 76-100% repigmentation	-At month 3, lesions treated with active cream exhibited a repigmentation grade of 3.30 ± 0.67, and lesions treated with placebo cream exhibited a grade of 2.60 ± 0.7 (p < 0.01) -The first signs of repigmentation were observed after a mean of 21.9 ± 13 days in active-group lesions and 27.0 ± 14.9 days in placebo-group lesions (p < 0.05)		Leone and Vidolin (2015)
Hydrogel consisting of SOD, copper, zinc, vitamin B12, calcium pantothenate and excimer light (Group A)	Twice weekly for a maximum of 24 sessions	Open-label, self-controlled study	Excimer light monotherapy (Group B)	n = 30	% Repigmentation	-Significantly greater % repigmentation in Group A lesions than Group B (p < 0.001)		Soliman et al (2016)
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate 3%	Twice daily for 6 months	Prospective, self-controlled, comparative, open study	Pimecrolimus 1% cream	n = 46	VASI	-VASI reduction of 1.19 ± 0.42 to 0.63 ± 0.38 in EGCG-treated lesions -VASI reduction of 1.18 ± 0.43 to 0.61 ± 0.36 in pimecrolimus-treated lesions -No significant difference in VASI score reductions (p = 0.755) -No serious side effects		Hu et al (2021)
Coffea sp and Helianthus annuus	Once daily	Case report		n = 1	Clinical observation of repigmentation	-Repigmentation began to appear in month 3	-Total treatment duration not specified	Leite et al (2021)
Turmeric topical cream	Twice daily for 4 months	RCT	Placebo control cream	n = 24	-Lesion size -VASI -VNS -PGA	-Turmeric cream reduced the size of the lesions and improved lesion’s appearance significantly compared to placebo (p < 0.001) -Patient’s satisfaction score was higher following turmeric application compared to placebo (p < 0.05)		Jalalmanesh et al (2022)
Ruxolitinib 1.5%	Twice daily for 20 weeks	Open-label, proof of concept		n = 9	% VASI Improvement	-Four patients with significant facial involvement: 76% improvement in facial VASI (95% CI 53-99%; p = 0.001) -23% improvement in overall VASI in all pts (95% CI 4-43%, p = 0.02) -Adverse events included erythema, hyperpigmentation, transient acne		Rothstein et al (2017)
Ruxolitinib	-Topical ruxolitinib 1.5% applied twice daily (pt 1)	Case series		n = 2, although one received oral tofacitinib	Repigmentation	-Pt 1 observed significant repigmentation of face, except for his forehead, which was regularly protected from the sun by a cap -Upon removing the cap, he noted repigmentation in his forehead as well		Joshipura et al (2018)
Ruxolitinib 1.5% with optional NB-UVB	Twice daily for 32 weeks	Open-label study, extension		n = 8	VASI	-Significant mean improvement in overall VASI of 37.6% ± 31.2% (p = 0.011) at 52 weeks; effect was most pronounced for facial vitiligo -5/8 had a treatment response -5/8 completed the trial and were followed up at 6 months, all of which maintained response -3/8 had erythema, 2/8 had transient acne	-32-week extension of study conducted by Rothstein et al (2017)	Joshipura et al (2018)
Ruxolitinib cream (1.5% BID, 1.5% QD, 0.5% QD, 0.15% QD)	Once or twice daily, depending on treatment group for 24 weeks	RCT	Control cohort	n = 130	-fVASI -Protein expression (1,104 proteins)	-Number of proteins significantly modulated: 204 in 1.5% BID, 162 in 1.5% QD, 71 in 0.5% QD, 29 in 0.15% QD, 56 in vehicle cohort -Chemokine C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 (CSCL10) was significantly down-regulated in 1.5% QD and BID groups		Owens et al (2019)
Ruxolitinib (1.5% BID, 1.5% QD, 0.5% QD, 0.15% QD)	Twice-daily 1.5% for 1 year -Once-daily 1.5% -Once-daily 0.5% -Once-daily 0.15	RCT	Control cohort	n = 157	-VASI50 -VASI75 -fVASI50	-Week 24 fVASI50: 45% (1.5% BID), 50% (1.5% QD), 26% (0.5% QD), 32% (0.15% QD) -Week 52: 58% (1.5% BID) reached fVASI50, which was the highest response -Dose-dependent manner for VASI50 at week 52		Rosmarin et al (2020)
Ruxolitinib	-Twice-daily 1.5% for 1 year -Once-daily 1.5% -Once-daily 0.5% -Once-daily 0.15%	Sub-analysis from RCT	Comparison groups included different % formulations and treatment frequencies	n = 157, randomized equally to each treatment group	T-VASI50 and T-VASI75	-Ruxolitinib 1.5% BID produced highest response in most body areas -At 1 year, 1.5% BID T-VASI50 and T-VASI75: -All body regions: 45.0% and 15.0%, respectively -Head/neck: 60.0% and 55.0%, respectively -Trunk: 29.4% and 11.8%, respectively -Upper extremities: 52.9% and 23.5%, respectively -Lower extremities: 52.6% and 26.3%, respectively -Hands: 15.0% and 5.0%, respectively -Feet: 29.4% and 17.6%, respectively	-Abstract -Subgroup analysis from NCT03099304	Grimes et al (2020)
Ruxolitinib cream (1.5% BID, 1.5% QD, 0.5% QD, 0.15% QD)	Twice-daily 1.5% for 1 year -Once-daily 1.5% -Once-daily 0.5% -Once-daily 0.15%	Sub-analysis from RCT	Control cohort	n = 157	-VASI50 -VASI75 -fVASI50	-The 1.5% BID dose, VASI50: 60.0% head/neck region, 52.9% upper extremities, 52.6% lower extremities, 15% hands, 29.4% feet -Of those receiving 1.5% BID, a larger proportion of fVASI50 responders at 24 weeks were ≤ 50 years compared with > 50 years	-Subgroup analysis from NCT03099304	Hamzavi et al (2022)
Tofacitinib	Treatment regimen not specified	Retrospective Case Series		n = 10	Repigmentation	-5 patients achieved some repigmentation at sites of sunlight exposure or NB-UVB		Liu et al (2017)
Tofacitinib 2%	Twice daily; the average follow-up time was 153 days (range 63-367)	Nonrandomized cohort study		n = 16	% Repigmentaiton	-13/16 experienced repigmentation -4/16 experienced ≥90% repigmentation -5/16 expereienced 25-75% repigmentation -4/16 experienced 5-15% repigmentation -2/16 experienced no change -1/16 experienced slow progression of depigmentation -Facial lesions improved more than nonfacial lesions (p = 0.022) -Patients with Fitzpatrick skin type IV-VI improved more than individuals with lighter skin (p = 0.034)	-Refractory vitiligo -Concomitant treatment with topical steroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, supplements, and phototherapy was allowed -Treatment duration was not consistent	Mobasher et al (2019)
Tofacitinib 2% and NBUVB	Twice daily for 3 months with 3x weekly NBUVB	Case series		n = 5	-fVASI	-Mean fVASI at baseline 0.62; mean fVASI at 3 months 0.22 (66% improvement) -No reported side effects		McKesey and Pandya (2020)
Tofacitinib 2% and NBUVB	Twice daily for 7 months	Case report		n = 1	Clinical observation of repigmentation	-Freckling was observed within 4 weeks -Only three depigmented linear macules remain after 3 months -Complete repigmentation at 6 months -No adverse effects		Olamiju and Craiglow (2020)
Tofacitinib 2% + vehicle ointment with NB-UVB	Twice-daily for 9 months and NB-UVB phototherapy 3x weekly	Case report		n = 1	Clinical observation of repigmentation	-Significant repigmentation observed -Minor adverse effects included erythema and transient acne	-Measurement of degree of repigmentation not included	Ferreira et al (2021)
Delgocitinib	Twice daily for 8-12 weeks	Case series		n = 2	Clinical observation of repigmentation	-Case 1 achieved significant repigmentation at week 8 -Case 2 did not achieve pigmentation at week 12 -No adverse events in either case	-Treatment duration was not consistent	Yagi et al (2021)
Bimatoprost 0.01%	Twice daily for 12 weeks	Prospective, self-controlled, comparative, open study	Tacrolimus 0.1%	n = 10	-VSA Reduction -VIDA	-VSA significantly decreased among both groups compared to baseline (p < 0.05) -No significant difference between groups -Week 12, >50% repigmentation: 20% bimatoprost group, 10% tacrolimus		Kanokrungsee et al (2021)
Bimatoprost 0.03%	20 weeks	RCT, proof of concept	-Bimatoprost monotherapy -Bimatoprost plus mometasone -Mometasone plus placebo	n = 32	-Global response at week 20 based on an 8-point scale (0 = worse; 7 = cleared) -Response by anatomic site -Change from baseline lesion severity -Safety	-46% of the bimatoprost plus mometasone group responded overall; 18% in the bimatoprost monotherapy group responded; 0% in the mometasone plus placebo group responded -No differences in signs and symptoms of irritation among groups	-Facial lesions were not assessed	Grimes (2016)
Bimatoprost 0.01%, NB-UVB, and fractional carbon dioxide	Twice-daily application for 12 weeks	Prospective, self-controlled, comparative, open study	-Application of either bimatoprost 0.01% solution or placebo plus once-monthly fractional CO2 laser and twice-weekly NB-UVB therapy	n = 15	-VSA -Melanin concentration	-At week 12, % change in melanin concentration from baseline was greater on the side receiving bimatoprost 0.1% (27.17 ± 13.62% vs. 22.82 ± 10.10% (p = 0.028) -A non-significant greater change in VSA was observed on the side receiving bimatoprost		Kanokrungsee (2021)
Honeybee, allium cepa, avena sativa with sunlight exposure	-Daily application, 20 days followed by 4 days of, for 11 months	Case report		n = 1	% Repigmentation	-Complete repigmentation of white vitiliginous lesions -No adverse effects		Djerrou (2015)