	Experimental Design	Route Administered	Mechanism of Action	Findings
Synthesized compounds
Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine (BEMT)	In vitro skin permeation test	Topical	Absorbs UVA and UVB rays ranging from 280-400 nm	Maximal topical applications of 6% BEMT in sunscreen formulation did not contribute to systemic exposure or estrogenic effects[@277141; @277144]
Bis (diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl benzoyl) piperazine (BDBP)	In vivo	Topical	Absorbs wavelengths in the UV/visible border region (385-405 nm)	The addition of BDBP affords more protection against pigmentation than a conventional formulation with the 385 nm source[@277145]
Natural compounds
Cyanobacterium, syctonemin	In vivo (mice model) and in vitro	Topical	Secrete mycosporine-like amino acids in response to UV-AB light, which have UV absorption properties	Inhibits skin inflammation by down-regulating NF-kB activity and decreasing expression of TNF-a. Performs as a multi-function ingredient for skin care[@277146; @277166]
Usnic acid	In vivo and in vitro	Topical	Contains UV absorbing properties	Demonstrated UV protection factors superior to a commercial sunscreen spray with an SPF of 5, octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), and butyl meth-oxydibenzoylmethane (BM-DBM)[@277148; @277149; @277167]
Green coffee oil	In vivo and in vitro	Topical	Rich source of antioxidants and polyphenols. High chlorogenic acid activity to facilitate wound healing	GCO showed a synergistic effect in SPF value when it was associated with the synthetic sunscreen ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, leading to an increase of 20% in SPF^35,53–55
Sesame oil	In vitro	Topical	Contains vitamin E and phenolic compounds to absorb UV rays and act as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents	Sesame oil resists 30% of UV rays, whereas coconut, peanut, olive, and cottonseed oils block out about 20%[@277151; @277171; @277172]
Green tea	In vivo (mice model) and in vitro	Topical or oral	The main active ingredient, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), works as an anti-inflammatory agent, antioxidant, and sunscreen	Topical green tea applied to human skin yields a photoprotective effect, reducing the number of sunburns cells, protecting epidermal Langerhans cells from UV damage, and reducing the DNA damage that forms after UV radiation. Green tea further decreases melanoma cell formation after topical and oral administration in mice[@277151; @277173]
Krameria triandra root extract	In vitro	Topical	Rich in tannins to provide UV protection and reduce inflammation	Significantly and dose-dependently decreased the loss of cell viability and intracellular oxidative damage, absorbed 25% to 30% of the amount of UV radiation typically absorbed by octyl methoxycinnamate[@277151; @277152]
Propolis	In vivo (mice model) and in vitro	Topical	Antioxidant, contains broad spectrum UVB and UVA photoprotection	Formulations containing 40% of the hydroalcoholic propolis extract possess an SPF value of 10.[@277153] When propolis is added to titanium dioxide, the SPF value increased from 20 to 50–60 showing a high synergic effect[@277154]
Silymarin	In vivo (mouse model)	Topical	Antioxidant, activates p53, prevents UVB-induced immune suppression	Mice treated with silymarin either before or after UV exposure illustrated diminished infiltration of leukocytes especially, CD11b+ and also decreased number of cells producing H2O2 and nitric oxide suggesting silymarin to be an anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory agent[@277151; @277161; @277162; @277174]
Polypodium leucotomos extract	In vivo (mouse and human models)	Oral	Antioxidant, inhibits release of cytokines	Demonstrated a favorable safety profile while protecting UVR-induced sunburn reaction and UVA-induced phototoxicity^47–50

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